The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the five-week partial government shutdown in 2018-2019 reduced economic output by $11 billion in the following two quarters—including $3 billion that the U.S. economy never regained. Moody's Analytics estimated that the 2013 full government shutdown reduced GDP growth by $20 billion. 

At the time of the 2013 shutdown, consumer confidence fell, threatening the economic recovery following the Great Recession. A shutdown this fall would jeopardize the improvements in consumer confidence as inflation has returned to more normal levels.  

A shutdown would be especially disruptive on the heels of the latest debt-limit crisis and the recent downgrade of U.S. treasuries by the credit agency Fitch. A Republican-led government shutdown would create more doubt about whether the United States can reliably manage its finances.  

Government shutdowns may ultimately add to the federal deficit due to the costs of stopping and restarting government programs. According to data from 2013, the cost of the full government shutdown in lost work-hours totaled at least $2 billion. 

Small businesses may encounter delays in receiving loans from the federal government. Moody’s Analytics estimated that the 2018-2019 shutdown delayed over $2 billion in loans to small businesses, as the Small Business Administration was unable to make new loans.  

During the 2013 government shutdown, the Mortgage Bankers Association found that mortgage applications dropped by 7% in the second week of the shutdown as consumer confidence fell and federal systems that process mortgages were put on hold. If this similar pattern occurred today, a shutdown would lead to 9,000 fewer mortgage applications each week.  

A shutdown means that farmers and businesses alike can lose access to updated federal data on key measures like employment, oil prices, trade flows, and agricultural trends that they use to guide important business decisions. In 2014, the Economic and Statistics Administration reported that federal government data helped private industry to annually generate between $24 and $221 billion.  

The 2013 shutdown stalled international trade as federal agencies were unable to process export licenses, certify over 2 million liters of American-made alcohol for export, or process $3 billion in approvals for loans, guarantees, and insurance to support U.S. exports.  

During the 2018-2019 shutdown, experts warned that delays at the border during an extended shutdown would lead to higher freight rates that would be passed onto consumers through higher prices. 

A shutdown would also disrupt the average $13 billion per week in federal contracts that go to businesses throughout the country—nearly $3 billion of which goes to small businesses. Private companies that have work contracts with federal agencies could face barriers to funding and be forced to lay off workers, lose funds due to lack of available contract work, or end up not being reimbursed for completed projects.   

A bipartisan congressional report found that the last three government shutdowns led to the equivalent of 56,940 years in lost productivity from federal workers being furloughed. These lost work hours deprived the American people of important public services, delayed furloughed federal employees from receiving backpay, and cost the government at least $338 million in additional processing costs and late fees.  

While federal employees are guaranteed backpay during shutdowns, a prolonged shutdown could mean multiple missed paychecks and strained household budgets for these workers. 

In 2013 and again in early 2018, roughly 850,000 out of 2.1 million non-postal federal employees were furloughed. Additionally, at the beginning of the 2018-2019 partial shutdown, about 380,000 federal employees were furloughed, and another 420,000 reported to work but went unpaid. 

Over 80% of federal workers live and work outside the D.C. area, meaning that local economies across the country would be harmed by federal worker furloughs, as families delay purchases or are forced to miss regular bill payments.  

A 2019 study found that the states that would be most affected by a government shutdown, outside the D.C. area included New Mexico, Hawaii, Alaska, West Virginia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Arizona.     

Over 42 million Americans who receive Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits would see their average monthly benefit amount of $236 at risk. During previous shutdowns, continuing resolutions have only allowed the Department of Agriculture to send out SNAP benefits for up to 30 days once a shutdown starts. 

Over 2.8 million Americans who receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits could be harmed if the federal portion of TANF funding is not renewed. During the 2013 shutdown, states were temporarily forced to pay the federal portion of TANF benefits.  

Over 6.3 million participants who received benefits from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) each month in FY 2022 could see those benefits put in jeopardy. Low-income pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and young children would face increased nutritional risk in the absence of WIC.  

Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid benefits would not be affected by a shutdown because these programs are not funded through the yearly budget process. However, employees who work at the agencies that administer these programs would be furloughed during a shutdown, and services like benefit verification and card issuance could cease.  

Travelers could face longer lines at airport security checkpoints and flight delays during a shutdown. Some TSA agents did not report for work during the 2018-2019 shutdown, and some air traffic controllers were also absent, causing delays at major airports. 

A shutdown would delay passport processing, which could cause a significant disruption given the surge in passport applications this year. Nearly 19 million Americans submitted passport applications in FY 2022.  

National parks could close or provide limited services. Millions of visitors were turned away from national park sites across the country during the 2013 shutdown, leading to an estimated $500 million in lost visitor spending nationwide. While many parks remained open during the 2018-2019 shutdown, visitor services were not provided.